8th Week Reflection

Today I want gave my class reflection for week 8. The topic that have been taught was about the curriculum theory.

Theory

A supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.

Sources of Curriculum Theory

Curriculum theory draws heavily from our philosophical beliefs - our understanding of knowledge and our understanding of the world.

Curriculum development work is greatly influenced by the values we bring to the curriculum development process.

-Philosophy
-Change Theory
-Organisational Development Theory
-Group behaviour
-Non-Mainstream

Theory Building
a)Deduction
-Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific.Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach.
-We might begin with thinking up a theory about our topic of interest.
-We then narrow that down into more specific hypotheses that we can test.
-We narrow down even further when we collect observations to address the hypotheses.
-This ultimately leads us to be able to test the hypotheses with specific data.



b)Induction
-Inductive reasoning works the other way,moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories.
-Informally, we sometimes call this a "bottom-up" approach.
-In inductive reasoning, webegin with specific observations and measures,begin to detect patterns and regularities,formulate some tentative hypotheses that we can explore,and finally end up developing some general conclusions or theories.

Steps in Theory Building
-Defining terms
-Classifying
-Beauchamp's Process of Building Theory Formulation of definitions:
  -Classification of relevent information into categories.
  -Utilization of inductive and deductive processes.
  -Making of inferences and predictions and testing them
  -Development of models
   -Sub-theory formation.



Metaphors and Theoretical Camps
-Traditionalists
-Conceptual Empiricists
-Reconceptualists/Critical Theorists
-Postmodernists

a)Traditionalists
-Service to practitioners
-Structural Theorizing

b)Conceptual Empiricists
-Theory produced through research
-Substantive Theorizing (broadly)

c)Reconceptualists/Critical Theorists
-Distance between theory and practice.
-Liberation
  -the act or process of freeing someone or something from another's control.

d)Postmodernists
-Many ways to interpret or theorize about curriculum.

Directions for the future
-Curriculum Inquiry
-Conceptualizing the Task

7th Week Reflection

This is my week 7 class reflection. Mr Wan taught us a new topic at that time which was Topic 7 -Curriculum approaches.

There are four curriculum approaches that will presented in this topic. Curriculum practitioners and implementer may use one or more approaches in planning, implementing and evaluating the curriculum. Even textbook writers or instructional material producers have different curricular approaches. Let us study and understand each example.

 Behavioral approach 

 Anchored on the behaviorist principles, behavioral approach to curriculum is usually based on a blueprint. In the blueprint, goals and objectives are specified, contents and activities are also arranged to match with the learning objectives. The learning outcomes are evaluated in terms of goals and objectives set at the beginning. Behavioral approach which was started with the idea of Frederick Taylor is aimed to achieved efficiency. In the factory for example, the worker will be paid according to his output produced with in a specific period of time. In education, behavioral approach begins with educational plans that start with the setting of goals or objectives. These are considered as important ingredients in curriculum implementation as evaluating the learning outcomes as a change of behavior. The change in behavior indicates the measure of the accomplishments.

 Managerial approach 

The managerial approach became a dominant curriculum approach in the 1950's and 1960's. The principal is the curriculum leader and at the same time instructional leader who is supposed to be the general manager. The general manager sets the policies and priorities, establish the direction of change and innovation, and planning and organizing curriculum and instruction. School administrators are less concerned about the content than about organization and implementation. They are less concerned about subject matter, methods and materials than improving curriculum. Curriculum manager look at curriculum changes and innovations as they administer the resources and restructure the schools.

 System approach 

The system approach to curriculum was influenced by system theory. In the systems approach to curriculum, the parts of the total school district or school are examined in terms of how they relate to each other. The organizational chart of the school represents a systems approach. It shows the line-staff relationships of personnel and how decisions are made. To George Beauchamp, the system theory of education see the following to be of equal importance are (1) administration (2) counseling (3) curriculum (4) instruction and (5) evaluation.

Humanistic approach 

This approach is rooted in the progressive philosophy and child-centered movement. The humanistic approach considers the formal of planned curriculum and the informal or hidden curriculum. It considers the whole child and believes that in curriculum the total development of the individual is the prime consideration. The learner is at the center of the curriculum.

6th Week Reflection

This is my reflection class for week 6th. 

The topic was been taught by Mr.Wan was Topic 6 which is domains of Curriculum. 

The domain components 

~Principle, guidelines,types and categories of curriculum

Multiple definition of curriculum

~A series of planned instruction that is coordinated and articulated in a manner designed to result in the achievement by students of specific knowledge and skills and the application of this knowledge.

Five principle development

Seven types of curriculum as follows:

Recommended Curriculum
Perhaps you have asked these questions: Why should I take all these subjects and follow the course flow religiously? Why is there a need to implement the K to 12?The answer is simple! The Ministry of Education, the Commission on Higher Education, or any professional organization can recommend and implement a curriculum.

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Written Curriculum

This refers to a lesson plan or syllabus written by teachers. Another example is the one written by curriculum experts with the help of subject teachers. This kind of written curriculum needs to be pilot tested or tried out in sample schools to determine its effectiveness.

Taught Curriculum

This is about the implementation of the written curriculum. Whatever is being taught or an activity being done in the classroom is a taught curriculum. So, when teachers give a lecture, initiate group work, or ask students to do a laboratory experiment with the their guidance, the taught curriculum is demonstrated. This curriculum contains different teaching styles and learning styles to address the students’ needs and interests.

Supported Curriculum

Instructional materials, such as textbooks, audio visual materials, blogs, wikis, and others are examples of support curriculum. Other examples are playgrounds, zoos, gardens, museums, and real life objects. It is called supported curriculum because it helps teachers implement a written curriculum thus enables the students to become life-long learners.

Assessed Curriculum

When students take a quiz or the mid-term and final exams, these series of evaluations are the so-called assessed curriculum. Teachers may use the pencil and paper tests, and authentic assessments like portfolio and performance based assessments in order to know if the students are progressing or not.

Learned Curriculum

This type of curriculum indicates what the students have actually learned. This can be measured through learning outcomes. A learning outcome can be manifested by what students can perform or do either in their cognitive, affective or psychomotor domains. The learning outcome can be determined by the results of the tests, and it can be achieved by the students through the use of learning objectives.

Hidden Curriculum

This refers to the unplanned or unintended curriculum but plays an important role in learning.

5th Week Reflection

      Hi, here is my 5th week reflection. We have no class this week too because of Deepavali holiday from last week to 6 November. We are going to start the class normally on 7 November.
 
   I still do not complete the assignment. So, i am continues to finish it.

Not much that I did during this holiday. Just sitting at home and watch movies on Facebook. I'm a big fan of Korean drama, because not all about love. But it's fun story line,example doctors drama starring Park Shin Hye. They taking seriously their portray as a doctor. They show agenda patients and dissect the word doctorate in storytelling.

Doctors